In this blog post, we will discuss the important concepts of coordination compounds, including their nomenclature, structure, properties, and applications.
We will also share with you the coordination compounds Class 12 Handwritten Notes PDF which you can Download below 👇.
These notes are based on the syllabus pattern of class 12. These PDF notes are also very useful in all upcoming examinations like JEE mains, CET, KIITEE, VITEEE, MHT, NEET, JIPMER, PGIMER, and AIIMS.
I. Introduction
Coordination compounds are characterized by the presence of a central metal atom or ion that is bonded to one or more ligands.
Ligands are molecules or ions that donate electrons to the central metal atom or ion, forming a coordination complex.
The bond between the metal and ligands is known as a coordination bond.
One of the most important features of coordination compounds is their ability to exhibit isomerism.
Isomerism refers to the existence of different compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
Coordination compounds can exhibit different types of isomerism, such as structural isomerism, stereoisomerism, and optical isomerism.
II. Coordination compounds nomenclature
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has established rules for the systematic naming of coordination compounds.
According to these rules, the name of a coordination compound is constructed by first naming the central metal atom or ion, followed by the ligands.
The ligands are named first in alphabetical order, and then the name of the central metal atom or ion is added.
For example, the coordination compound [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 is named hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride.
In this compound, the central metal atom is cobalt, and the ligands are six ammonia molecules. The oxidation state of the metal is also indicated in the name.
III. Coordination compounds structure
The Lewis acid-base theory is used to explain the formation of coordination compounds.
According to this theory, a metal atom or ion can act as an electron acceptor (Lewis acid) and bind to a molecule or ion that can donate electrons (Lewis base), forming a coordination complex.
The number of ligands that a central metal atom or ion can bind to is known as the coordination number.
Coordination compounds can have coordination numbers of 2, 4, 6, and 8. The arrangement of the ligands around the central metal atom or ion determines the geometry of the coordination compound.
The most common geometries for coordination compounds are linear, trigonal, tetrahedral, and octahedral.
IV. Coordination compounds properties
Coordination compounds exhibit a wide range of unique properties due to the presence of a central metal atom or ion.
One of the most important properties is the magnetic properties.
Coordination compounds can exhibit paramagnetism or diamagnetism depending on the electronic configuration of the central metal atom or ion and the number of unpaired electrons.
Another important property of coordination compounds is the optical properties.
Many coordination compounds exhibit intense colors, and their color depends on the type of metal and the nature of the ligands.
Coordination compounds also exhibit redox properties.
The central metal atom or ion can undergo oxidation or reduction reactions, leading to changes in its oxidation state.
V. Coordination compounds applications
Coordination compounds have a wide range of applications in various fields of Chemistry.
In biochemistry, coordination compounds are used as enzymes, hormones, and pigments.
In analytical chemistry, coordination compounds are used as indicators, catalysts, and reagents.
In industrial chemistry, coordination compounds are used as catalysts, pigments, and magnetic materials.
Coordination compounds also
have applications in environmental chemistry as well. For example, some coordination compounds can be used to remove heavy metals from water and air.
Coordination Compounds Class 12 Handwritten Notes:
- Important Terms
- Complex ion its Types
- Ligands and its types
- Denticity of Ligand
- Chelating Ligands its characteristics
- Ambidentate Ligands
- Co-ordination Number
- Co-ordination Sphere
- Oxidation number or Oxidation State
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Co-Ordination Compound
- Isomerism in Co-Ordination Compound
- Steroisomerism or space isomerism
- Bonding in co-Ordination Compound
I. Important Terms
- Coordination compound: A compound that involves a central metal atom or ion bonded to one or more ligands.
- Complex ion: An ion that contains a central metal atom or ion bonded to one or more ligands.
- Ligand: A molecule or ion that donates electrons to the central metal atom or ion, forming a coordination complex.
- Denticity: The number of donor atoms in a ligand that can form coordinate bonds with a central metal atom or ion.
- Chelating ligand: A ligand that can form multiple coordination bonds with a central metal atom or ion.
- Ambidentate ligand: A ligand that can form coordinate bonds with a central metal atom or ion in more than one way.
- Coordination number: The number of ligands that a central metal atom or ion can bind to.
- Coordination sphere: The central metal atom or ion and all the ligands that are bonded to it.
- Oxidation number or oxidation state: The charge of a central metal atom or ion in a coordination compound.
II. Complex ion and its Types
- A complex ion is an ion that contains a central metal atom or ion bonded to one or more ligands.
- Complex ions can be classified into different types based on the number of ligands and the type of ligands that are bonded to the central metal atom or ion.
- The types of complex ions include:
- Mononuclear complex ions: Complex ions that have one central metal atom or ion bonded to one or more ligands.
- Binuclear complex ions: Complex ions that have two central metal atoms or ions bonded to one or more ligands.
- Trinuclear complex ions: Complex ions that have three central metal atoms or ions bonded to one or more ligands.
III. Ligands and its types
- Ligands are molecules or ions that donate electrons to the central metal atom or ion, forming a coordination complex. Ligands can be classified into different types based on their properties.
- Some common types of ligands include:
- Monodentate ligands: Ligands that can form only one coordination bond with a central metal atom or ion.
- Bidentate ligands: Ligands that can form two coordination bonds with a central metal atom or ion.
- Tridentate ligands: Ligands that can form three coordination bonds with a central metal atom or ion.
- Polydentate ligands: Ligands that can form more than three coordination bonds with a central metal atom or ion.
IV. Denticity of Ligand
- Denticity refers to the number of donor atoms in a ligand that can form coordinate bonds with a central metal atom or ion.
- For example, a monodentate ligand has one donor atom, a bidentate ligand has two donor atoms, and a tridentate ligand has three donor atoms.
V. Chelating Ligands and its characteristics
- Chelating ligands are ligands that can form multiple coordination bonds with a central metal atom or ion.
- These ligands are characterized by their ability to form a ring structure around the central metal atom or ion, which is known as a chelate ring.
- Some examples of chelating ligands include ethylenediamine and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).
- Chelating ligands are particularly useful in complex ions that have a high coordination number.
VI. Ambidentate Ligands
- Ambidentate ligands are ligands that can form coordinate bonds with a central metal atom or ion in more than one way.
- These ligands have multiple donor atoms that can form coordinate bonds, and can form different types of complex ions depending on the mode of coordination.
- Examples of ambidentate ligands include NH3 (ammonia), which can act as a monodentate or bidentate ligand, and NO2- (nitrite ion), which can act as a monodentate or bidentate ligand.
VII. Coordination Number
- The coordination number refers to the number of ligands that a central metal atom or ion can bind to.
- Coordination compounds can have coordination numbers of 2, 4, 6, and 8.
- The coordination number determines the geometry of the complex ion and the stability of the complex ion.
VIII. Coordination Sphere
- The coordination sphere refers to the central metal atom or ion and all the ligands that are bonded to it.
- The coordination sphere is enclosed by the coordination bonds and defines the overall structure and properties of the coordination compound.
IX. Oxidation number or oxidation state
- The oxidation number or oxidation state refers to the charge of a central metal atom or ion in a coordination compound.
- The oxidation number can be determined by the number of electrons that are donated or accepted by the metal atom or ion during the formation of the coordination compound.
X. IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compound
- The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has established rules for the systematic naming of coordination compounds.
- According to these rules, the name of a coordination compound is constructed by first naming the central metal atom or ion, followed by the ligands.
- The ligands are named first in alphabetical order, and then the name of the central metal atom or ion is added.
XI. Isomerism in Coordination Compound
- Isomerism refers to the existence of different compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. Coordination compounds can exhibit different types of isomerism, such as structural isomerism, stereoisomerism, and optical isomerism.
XII. Steroisomerism or space isomerism
- Steroisomerism, also known as spatial isomerism, refers to the existence of different compounds with the same chemical formula and the same connectivity of atoms but different spatial arrangements of atoms and ligands around the central metal ion or atom.
XIII. Bonding in Coordination Compound
- Bonding in coordination compounds involves the donation of electrons from ligands to the central metal atom or ion, forming coordinate covalent bonds.
- The stability of the coordination compound depends on the number of coordination bonds and the type of ligands that are bonded to the central metal atom or ion.
- The coordination bond is formed by the donation of a pair of electrons from the ligand to the central metal atom or ion.
- This forms a complex ion, which is a charged species. Coordination compounds can also exhibit different types of bonding such as ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding.
- The bond strength and stability of the complex ion depends on the nature of the central metal atom or ion and the nature of the ligands.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, coordination compounds are an important class of compounds that have a wide range of applications in various fields of chemistry.
Understanding the concepts of coordination compounds is essential for anyone studying chemistry at the higher level.
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